New Afrotropical Syntormon

Last updated: 22 September 2002

Afrotropical Syntormon Loew and new synonyms in the genus Rhaphium Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

Igor Ya. GRICHANOV

Grichanov, I.Ya. Afrotropical Syntormon Loew and new synonyms in the genus Rhaphium Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

I.Ya. Grichanov, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, St.Petersburg-Pushkin, 196608, Russia.

Abstract
Descriptions of two new species and two new subspecies of the genus Syntormon, new records for known African species are given. Holotypes of 15 species have been examined in the collections of European museums. The following pairs of species are synonymized: Syntormon dorsalis Vanschuytbroeck (=Syntormon ruandanus Vanschuytbroeck), Syntormon parvus Vanschuytbroeck (=Syntormon kivuensis Vanschuytbroeck), Rhaphium pectiniger (Parent) (=Xiphandrium rweruensis Vanschuytbroeck, =Syntormon spiculus Vanschuytbroeck, =Rhaphium vanschuytbroecki Negrobov et al.) and Rhaphium sexsetosum (Vanschuytbroeck) (=Rhaphium grootaerti Negrobov et al.). Syntormon palmatus Vanschuytbroeck is transferred to the genus Chrysotus. S. abbreviatus Becker and S. codinai Parent are excluded from the fauna of the Afrotropics. A revised catalogue and key to Afrotropical species of the genus Syntormon are also presented.

Key words: Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Syntormon, Rhaphium, Tropical Africa, new species, new synonym, new combination, keys.

Introduction

The cosmopolitan genus Syntormon numbers about 100 mostly Holarctic species. The Afrotropical species are poorly known and have not previously been revised. Syntormon was recorded for the fauna of the Afrotropics by Curran (1925) for the first time, who described S. caffer by a female. I have seen two females of the genus in the South African collection of the Natal Museum (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa), and they can not be associated with any of Central African species. The genus has been comparatively well defined recently by Bickel (1999), although Afrotropical species (except for S. tamatave Grichanov, spec. nov.) belong to different groups not relating to Australian species. The last catalogue of Afrotropical Syntormon (Dyte and Smith, 1980) listed 16 species.

Treating material from the collections of several European museums, I have found a lot of additional material and a number of misidentifications and synonyms in the genera Syntormon and Rhaphium. Descriptions of two new species and two new subspecies of the genus Syntormon, new records for known African species are given. Palearctic S. pallipes and S. fuscipes are found in the Afrotropical Region. Holotypes of 15 species have been examined. The following pairs of species are synonymized: Syntormon dorsalis Vanschuytbroeck (=Syntormon ruandanus Vanschuytbroeck), Syntormon parvus Vanschuytbroeck (=Syntormon kivuensis Vanschuytbroeck), Rhaphium pectiniger (Parent) (=Xiphandrium rweruensis Vanschuytbroeck, =Syntormon spiculus Vanschuytbroeck, =Rhaphium vanschuytbroecki Negrobov et al.) and Rhaphium sexsetosum (Vanschuytbroeck) (=Rhaphium grootaerti Negrobov et al.). Syntormon palmatus Vanschuytbroeck is transferred to the genus Chrysotus Meigen. S. abbreviatus Becker and S. codinai Parent are excluded from the fauna of the Afrotropics. A revised catalogue and key to Afrotropical species of the genus Syntormon are also presented.

Holotypes and paratypes of the new species and other material examined are deposited in the following collections:

HNHM - the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest;
MNHP - the Museum of Natural History, Paris;
MZLU - the Zoological Museum, Lund University, Sweden;
NHML - the Natural History Museum, London;
RINS - the Royal Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels;
RMCA - the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium;
TAU - the Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Israel;
ZMA - the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam;
ZMC - the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen;
ZMH - the Zoological Museum, Helsinki.

Deposition of types of the new species is mentioned under the species descriptions. Hypopygia removed from dry specimens are placed after alkalisation into glycerol and mounted on the same pin in a cavity of polymer film covered with a piece of adhesive tape. The relative lengths of the podomeres are representative ratios and not measurements (1 mm = 65). Listing material examined, I use here slashes ( / ) to separate labels on one pin and square brackets [...] to insert my personal remarks. Species diagnosis includes usually key characters and some important features that were missed in original descriptions. Terminology of the antenna morphology has been corrected according to Stuckenberg (1999). The third antennal segment is named here as postpedicel rather than first flagellomere in my previous papers, and arista is renamed in stylus. Bibliography includes works published after the “Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region” (Dyte and Smith, 1980).

List of known Afrotropical species of Syntormon Loew
(for references see Dyte and Smith, 1980)

SYNTORMON Loew, 1857b:35. Type-species: Rhaphium metathesis Loew, 1857, by designation of Coquillett (1910:611).

caffer Curran, 1925b:177 (female). South Africa.
dorsalis Vanschuytbroeck, 1951c:101. Congo (Kinshasa); Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya.
=ruandanus Vanschuytbroeck, 1951c:105, syn. nov.
flexibilis Becker, 1922c:55. Taiwan; China, the Russian Far East, Hawaii, Bonin Is., Tonga, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Australia; St. Helena.
=distortitarsis Van Duzee, 1933:338.
=miritarsus Parent, 1926:133.
=myklebusti Harmston & Miller, 1966: 90.
=lindneri Negrobov, 1975:660.
fuscipes von Roser, 1840:56 [Porphyrops]. Europe, North Caucasus; Kenya, Burundi.
=spicatus Loew, 1857:33 [Rhaphium].
longipes Parent, 1938:414. Kenya; Congo (Kinshasa), Rwanda, Uganda.
opimus Vanschuytbroeck, 1951c:99. Rwanda.
pallipes pallipes (Fabricius, 1794:340) [Musca]. Germany; St. Helena, Yemen, Tanzania; Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Azores, Madeira, Europe, Israel, Turkey, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Mongolia, China.
=hamatus (Zetterstedt, 1843:475) [Rhaphium].
=pseudospicatus Strobl, 1899:126.
=uncitarsis Becker, 1902: 53.
=immaculatus Santos Abreu, 1929:414 [as a var. of Syntormon pallipes (Fabricius)].
pallipes longistylus Grichanov, subspec. nov. Madagascar.
papei papei Grichanov, spec. nov. Uganda, Congo (Kinshasa).
papei madagascarensis Grichanov, subspec. nov. Madagascar.
parvus Vanschuytbroeck, 1951c:104. Congo (Kinshasa); Rwanda (!).
=kivuensis Vanschuytbroeck, 1951c:107. Congo (Kinshasa), syn. nov.
peregrinus Parent, 1954:228. Tanzania.
straeleni Vanschuytbroeck, 1951c:100. Congo (Kinshasa); Uganda, Ethiopia.
tamatave Grichanov, spec. nov. Madagascar.
wittei Vanschuytbroeck, 1951c:102. Congo (Kinshasa); Rwanda.

DESCRIPTIONS, DIAGNOSES AND NEW RECORDS

1. Syntormon abbreviatus Becker, 1918

Remark. Afrotropical material identified by Vanschuytbroeck (1951, 1952) as Syntormon abbreviatus is absent in collections of RINS, MZLU and MNHP. A specimen from Congo (Kinshasa) determined by P. Vanschuytbroeck as S. abbreviatus (RMCA, 1? examined) belongs to S. longipes. So, the species should be excluded from the fauna of the Tropical Africa.

Distribution. Tunisia.

2. Syntormon codinai Parent, 1924

Remark. Treating Afrotropical material identified by Vanschuytbroeck and deposited in RMCA, RINS, MZLU and MNHP, I have not located this species. Nevertheless, I believe that the species is absent in the Afrotropical fauna, as I have found a huge number of mistakes and misidentifications made by the author.

Distribution. Morocco (Tangier).

3. Syntormon dorsalis Vanschuytbroeck

Type material examined. ?, Congo belge: Ruanda, Nyabitsindi (entre Volc. Bishoke-Musule), 2400 m, 18.II.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1160 / Holotype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 195?, Syntormon ? dorsalis n.sp. [RMCA]; ?, Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc. Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 26 au 27.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 501 / holotype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1949, Syntormon ? ruandanus n.sp. [RMCA]; 3?, 1?, Congo belge: Ruanda, Nyabitsindi (entre Volc. Bishoke-Musule), 2400 m, 18.II.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1155, 1157, 1159 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon dorsalis n.sp. [RINS].

Material examined. 1?, 1?, Congo belge, Ruanda, Ruhengeri (riv. Penge), 1800-1825 m, 30 et 31.VIII.1934, 29.IX.1934, G.F. de Witte: 555, 664 [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge, Ruanda, Kanzenze (pied volc. Karisimbi), 24000 m, 4.III.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1207 [RINS]; 2??, Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 26 et 27.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 501 [one of the males with additional label:] Saccopheronta hirsuticosta Parent, P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951 [RINS]; 5??, Congo belge: Kivu, Tshumba (Mushari), 2100 m, 28.IV au 1.V.1934, G.F. de Witte: 373 [RINS]; 2??, Congo belge: Kivu, Kalondo (lac. Ndaraga, Mokoto), 1750 m, 22 au 27.III.1934, G.F. de Witte: 325 [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., Mt. Sesero, pres Bitashimva (Bambous), 2000 m, 1 au 2.VIII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 505 [RINS]; 1?, Urundi, Bururi, 1800 m, 8.III.1953 / R.I.Sc.N.B. I.G. 24452 [RINS]; 1?, Kenya, 17.XII.1970, A.E. Stubbs, B.M. 1972-211 / Kisumu, 3781 feet [NHML].

Diagnosis. Hind tibia simple, without long ventral setae; hind basitarsus 1/3 to 1/2 length of 2nd segment, densely ciliated ventrally, with short lateral process at apex; antennal postpedicel short.

Remark. About 20 more paratypes labelled as S. dorsalis and S. ruandanus are deposited in the collection of RINS. Different species are found among them [RINS]: Sympycnus munroi Curran (5??, 2??), Rhaphium pectiniger (3??), indeterminable species of the genera Syntormon and Saccopheronta.

Distribution. Congo (Kinshasa); Rwanda, Burundi (!), Kenya (!).

4. Syntormon fuscipes (von Roser)
(Fig. 1)

Material examined. 2??, 1?, Kenya: Aberdare Range, X.1934, B.M. E.Afr. Exp., B.M. 1935-203 / Mt. Kinangop, 8000-10000 feet, F.W. Edwards [NHML]; 1?, 1?, Africa, Kenya, Mt. Kenya, Sirimon, Higher Moorland, 22-23.I.1971, J.H. & M. Lourens [ZMA]; 1?, Africa, Kenya, J.H. & M. Lourens / Mt. Kinangop, e. slope source, Mwathe riv., Lower Moorland, 27.I.1971 [ZMA]; 1?, Urundi: Bururi, alt. 1950 m, 8.I.1949, F. François / R.I.Sc.N.B. I.G. 24452 [RMCA]

Description. Male.
Head. Frons metallic blue-violet; face with black ground colour, densely silvery-white pollinose; palpi and proboscis brown; antenna black; pedicel medianly with long projection; postpedicel tapering, 2.2 times longer than high; stylus dorsoapical, simple, with microscopic hairs; postoculars in single row, ventrally pale and dorsally black.

Thorax. Mostly bluish black, with dusting of grey pruinosity; setae black; 6 (sometimes 5) dorsocentrals; 8-9 acrostichals long, biiseriate; median scutellars strong, laterals as weak side hairs, and 2 pairs of microscopic hairs medianly along scutellar margin.

Legs. Mostly yellow; fore coxa yellow; mid and hind coxae black with yellow apex; fore coxa with short pale anterior hairs and some strong yellow apical setae; hind femur brown dorsally at apex; hind tibia brown in distal ?; fore and mid tarsi black from tip of basitarsus; hind tarsus black. Fore femur with short ventral hairs; fore tibia without strong setae, with short but distinct anterodorsal setal serration along distal half; fore tarsus simple. Length ratio of fore femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 60 : 60 : 32 : 12 : 10 : 8 : 8. Mid femur with strong subapical anterior and posterior setae, and with very short ventral hairs; mid tibia with strong anterodorsal setae at 1/5, 1/3, 3/5 and apically, with posterodorsal setae at 1/6, 3/4 and apically, and with 1 ventral seta at middle; mid tarsus simple. Length ratio of mid femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 85 : 88 : 39 : 20 : 15 : 10 : 9. Hind femur with strong anterior subapical seta, without posterior subapical seta, but with weaker subapical anteroventral and posteroventral setae; hind tibia with anterodorsal setae at 1/5, 1/2 and 3/4, with row of 5-6 posterodorsal setae and some short ventral setae, with posteroventral row of erect setulae and anterior row of somewhat elongate setulae, as long as diameter of tibia; hind basitarsus swollen ventrally in basal 1/5, excavated ventrally in middle 1/3; the swelling having a small tubercle bearing bunch of 1 worm-like and 4-5 shorter thick setae, one of which weakly sclerotized, distinctly flattened and widened apically. Length ratio of mid femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 90 : 105 : 25 : 27 : 19 : 13 : 10.
Wing. Brownish; ratio of cross-vein m-cu to apical part of CuA1, 30 : 34; lower calypter yellow with fan of brownish setae; halter yellow.

Abdomen. Violet black, with 2nd sternum brown, and with black vestiture; 1st tergum bearing light hairs laterally; 5th segment ventrally expanded to form hood for hypopygium; hypopygium black with black cerci.

Female. Similar to male except lacking male secondary sexual characters, otherwise as follows. Face broad, clypeus strongly bulging; postpedicel as long as high; stylus 1.5 times longer than postpedicel; hind femur and hind tibia entirely yellow or dirty yellow at distal apices.

Length (mm): body 3.5, antenna 1.1, wing 3.5, hypopygium 0.4.

Distribution. Europe, North Caucasus; Kenya, Burundi.

Diagnosis and remark. There are two Afrotropical phenotypes of the species, having no difference in hypopygium morphology. The two phenotypes have hind tibia simple, without long ventral setae; hind basitarsus with basoventral tubercle bearing bunch of modified setae, at most slightly shorter than 2nd segment. Most part of the Afrotropical specimens are close to S. valae from Mongolia described by Negrobov and Zhilina (1986), differing in trilobate rather than simple aedeagus. A male collected from Burundi has mostly yellow 2nd tergum and broadly yellow 3rd-4th terga of abdomen (in lateral view); it is identical to description of S. spicatus (=S. fuscipes) by Loew (1857) and Parent (1938); this phenotype has accumbent posteroventral setulae on hind tibia and anterior row of about 10 fine setae, 2 times as long as diameter of hind tibia. Neither Parent (1938), nor Loew (1857) and Negrobov and Zhilina (1986) noted anterior elongate or posteroventral erect cilia on hind tibia in their descriptions. I have not seen European S. fuscipes and Mongolian S. valae. Therefore African specimens may represent different species. S. fuscipes is also very close to European S. francoisi Meuffels & Grootaert, 1999 (=S. parvus Vaillant, 1983, nec Vanschuytbroeck) and S. silvianus Pârvu, 1989.

5. Syntormon longipes Parent

Type material examined. ?, Decembre / Kenya, Elgon Saw mill, Mt Elgon, Vers Est (Camp II, 2470 m) / Museum Paris, Miss. de l’Omo, C. Arambourg, P.-A. Chappuis & R. Jeannel 1932-33 / Type [red label] / Syntormon longipes n.sp. O. Parent [MHNP].

Material examined. 4??, 2??, Congo belge: Ruanda, Ruhengeri (Sources Kirili), 1800-1825 m, 31.VIII, 1 & 2.X.1934, G.F. de Witte: 562, 665 & 666 / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon longipes Parent [RINS]; 1?, Coll. Mus. Congo, Kivu: contr. S Kahuzi, 2200 m, 27.III.1953, P. Basilewsky [RMCA]; 1?, Congo belge, Kivu, Rutshuru (riv. Rodahira), 1825 m, 2.VII.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1675 [RINS]; 1?, 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., Kanyabayongo (Kabasha), 1760 m, 6.XII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 671 [RINS]; 44??, 40??, Congo Belge: P.N.G. Miss H. De Saeger, 2.I.1951, 17.II.1951, 23.II.1951, 16.IV.1951, 23.IV.1951, 8.V.1951, 22.V.1951, 26.V.1951, 26.VI.1951, 28.VII.1951, 3.III.1951, 11.IX.1951, 28.IX.1951, 20.X.1951, 8.XI.1951, 14.XII.1951, 28.XII.1951, 3.I.1952, 15.I.1952, 19.I.1952, 24.I.1952, 30.I.1952, 12.II.1952, 26.II.1952, 27.II.1952, 8.III.1952, 11.III.1952, 13.III.1952, 22.III.1952, 31.III.1952, 10.IV.1952, 30.VII.1952, 8.VIII.1952, 1.IX.1952, 2.IX.1952, 9.IX.1952, 10.IX.1952, H. De Saeger [RMCA]; 1?, Uganda: Kampala, 12.XII.1934, F.W. Edwards, B.M. 1935-203 [NHML]; 1?, Uganda: Kigezi dist., XI.1934, B.M. E.Afr. Exp., B.M. 1935-203 / Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., F.W. Edwards [NHML].

Diagnosis. Hind tarsus simple; fore and mid tarsi with slightly elongate dorsal setulae. Scutellum with 3-5 pairs of short but strong marginal setae in addition to major setae.

Distribution. Kenya; Congo (Kinshasa), Rwanda (!), Uganda (!).

6. Syntormon opimus Vanschuytbroeck

Type material examined. ?, Congo belge: Ruanda, Kundhuru ya Tsuve, Rutabagwe, 2600 m, 13-14.IX.1934, G.F. de Witte: 595 / Holotype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon opimus n.sp. [RMCA]; 18??, 16??, Congo belge: Ruanda, Kundhuru ya Tsuve, 2600 m (2??: Kitondo, 2000 m), 13-15.IX.1934 [7/23.I.1935], G.F. de Witte: 595, 601, 1025 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon opimus n.sp. [RINS]; 21??, Congo belge: Ruanda, Kundhuru ya Tsuve, 2600 m, 13-15.IX.1934 [7/23.I.1935], G.F. de Witte: 595, 601, 1025 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanshuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon straeleni n.sp. [RINS].

Material examined. 8??, Congo belge: Ruanda, Kundhuru ya Tsuve, Rutabagwe, 2600 m, 13-14.IX.1934, G.F. de Witte: 595 [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: Ruanda, Kundhuru ya Tsuve (Col Gahinga-Sabinyo), 2600 m (Bambous), 15.IX.1934, G.F. de Witte: 601 [RINS].

Diagnosis. The species is a sister species to S. straeleni. Mid tibia with 1 ventral seta behind middle; hind tibia in apical 1/2 or 1/3 strongly thickened, with ventral stiff cilia 2 times longer than diameter of tibia; hind basitarsus with erect ventral process in middle bearing several short remarkable setae; postpedicel 2.5-3 times longer than high; stylus as long as or shorter than postpedicel. Hind femur black in apical 1/4; hind tibia gradually darkened from yellow at extreme base to black in apical 1/3. See also diagnosis of S. straeleni.

Distribution. Rwanda.

7. Syntormon pallipes pallipes (Fabricius)

Material examined. 1?, Sainte-Hél?ne: Centre High Central Ridge, 2500 ft, IV.1967 / Coll. Mus. Tervuren, Seconde Mission Zoologique ? Sainte-Hél?na, J. Decelle, N. et J. Leleup / P. Vanschuytbroeck Det. 1974, Xiphandrium macrocerum Meig. [RMCA]; 1?, Yemen, Sana’a, III.1992, R. Linnavuori [ZMH]; 1?, Yemen, Ghaiman, about 9 miles SE of San’a, ca. 8700 ft., 18.II.1938 / found near irrigation stream / B.M. Exp. to S.W. Arabia, H. Scott & E.B. Britton, B.M. 1938-246 [NHML]; 1?, 3??, Tanzania, Kimboza, Forest Reserve / 11.IX.1977, leg. Mahunka [HNHM].

Palearctic material. 1?, [Egypt:] Israel, Sinai, Qzanna, 1.VIII.1972, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 2??, [Egypt:] Israel, Sinai, Wadi Tala, 8.VI.1973, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 1?, [Egypt:] Israel, Sinai Mts., El Arbain, 14.VII.1974, F. Kaplan [TAU]; 4??, 5??, Wadi Kabala, Judean Hills, Palestine, O. Theodor, 12.VI.1945 [TAU]; 3??, 4??, Israel, Kalia, 8 & 29.III.1976, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 9??, 1?, Israel, Banias, 20.IV.1974, 9.VI.1976, 24.IV.1982, 13-14.X.1982, A. Freidberg, F. Kaplan [TAU]; 1?, Israel, Park HaYarden, 24.VI.1982, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 1?, Israel, Majdel Chams, 14.X.1982, F. Kaplan [TAU]; 2??, Israel, Tel Aviv Dunes, 8.IV.1981, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 3??, Israel, W. Faria, 1.III.1973, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 1?, 1?, Israel, Golan, Nafech, 10.XII.1973, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 1?, Israel, N. Dishon, nr. Bar’am, 11.V.1982, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 2??, Israel, Akko, 27.XI.1971 & 29.III.1975, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 1?, Israel, Monfort, 10.III.1981, F. Kaplan [TAU]; 2??, Israel, Ein Mur, 31.III.1981, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 1?, Israel, Hadera, 22.II.1981, T. Furman [TAU]; 1?, Israel, W. Ara, 2.III.1978, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 1?, Israel, Kjar Shamai, 14.V.1974, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 1?, Israel, Abu Kabir, 15.III.1976, F. Kaplan [TAU]; 1?, 1?, Greece, Crete, Heraklion env., 7.VI.2000, I. Shamshev [Author’s coll.]; 1?, Greece, Crete, Therisso, 7.VII.1981, A. Freidberg [TAU]; 1?, S. Tadzhikistan, Dusti, 24.VIII.1987, I. Grichanov [Author’s coll.]; 31??, Russia: Krasnodar Terr.: Elizavetinskaya, 45°02’ N, 38°54’ E, Shepeleva, 44°19’ N, 38°37’ E, Yuzhnaya Ozereyevka, 44°40’ N, 37°37’ E, Arkhipo-Osipovka, 2 km N Ubinskaya, Krasnodar env., 24.VI.1992, 6.VI.2000, 17.VI.2000, 15.VI.2001, 5.VIII.2001, 10.VIII.2001, I. Grichanov, E. Ovsyannikova [Author’s coll.]; 2??, [Russia:] Rostov-na-Donu, bank of Don river, 12.05.1997, Grichanov [Author’s coll.]; 3??, 1?, [Russia:] Rostov Region, Azov distr., Port-Katon, 11 & 12.05.1997, Grichanov [RINS & Author’s coll.]; 21??, Russia: Kabardino-Balkaria: Ozen, 43°13’ N, 43°19’ E, Bezengi, 43°10’ N, 43°14’ E, 13-15 & 18-19.VI.2001, Grichanov [Author’s coll.]; 5??, 3?? [mostly in alcohol], Russia: N. Osetia-Alania, Verkhnii Tsei env., Alagir env., 5 & 9.VII.2000, Grichanov [Author’s coll.]; 15??, Russia: Pskov Region, Velikie Luki, 9.VI.1997, 9.VIII.1998, 17.VIII.1998, I. Grichanov, E. Ovsyannikova [RINS & Author’s coll.].

Remarks. Both pallipes and pseudospicatus phenotypes are present in Europe and Israel. Afrotropical material as well as a male from Tadzhikistan is related to pseudospicatus phenotype. The type of Musca pallipes Fabricius is entirely destroyed [ZMC, examined]; designation of a neotype from a pallipes phenotype is preferable. Specimens from Congo (Kinshasa) determined by P. Vanschuytbroeck as Syntormon pallipes (RINS, 11?? examined) belong to the genera Sympycnus and Chrysotus (2 or 3 spp.). So, the species should be excluded from the fauna of Congo (Kinshasa). See also diagnosis under S. p. longistylus.

Distribution. Germany; St. Helena, Yemen (!), Tanzania (!); Egypt, Morocco, Europe, Israel, Turkey, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Mongolia, China.

8. Syntormon pallipes longistylus Grichanov, subspec. nov.

Holotype. ?, Manyakatompo, X.1951, N.S.H. Krauss / Institut Scientifique Madagascar / R.I.Sc.N.B. I.G. 17.793 [RINS].

Description. Male.
Head. Frons metallic blue-violet; face densely silvery white pollinose; palpi and proboscis brown; antenna black; pedicel medianly with long projection; postpedicel tapering, 2.3 times longer than high; stylus subapical, simple, with microscopic hairs; postoculars in single row, ventrally pale and dorsally black, and with some setae near cervix. Length ratio of scape to pedicel to postpedicel to stylus, 10 : 12 : 25 : 41.

Thorax. Mostly greenish black, with dusting of grey pruinosity, metaepimeres yellow; setae black; 5 strong dorsocentrals; 7-8 pairs of acrostichals in 2 irregular rows; 2 strong scutellars and 4-5 pairs of fine pale hairs along scutellar margin.

Legs. Fore and hind coxae yellow; mid coxa black, with yellow apex; fore coxa with short pale anterior hairs and some strong black apical setae; trochanters, femora and tibiae yellow; tarsi black-brown from tip of basitarsus. Fore femur with short hairs; fore tibia with 1 strong posterodorsal seta at 1/3, and with short but distinct anterodorsal setal serration along distal half; fore tarsus simple. Length ratio of fore femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 65 : 68 : 41 : 19 : 14 : 10 : 10. Mid femur with pair of strong subapical anterior and posterior setae; mid tibia with strong anterodorsal setae at 1/5, 1/3 and 3/5 apically, with posterodorsal setae at 1/5 and 2/3, and with anteroventral seta at middle; mid tarsus simple. Length ratio of mid femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 84 : 98 : 46 : 22 : 16 : 10 : 8. Hind femur with strong anterior subapical seta, without posterior subapical seta, but with weaker subapical anteroventral and posteroventral setae; hind tibia with anterodorsal setae at 1/8, 1/3 and 2/3, and with posterodorsal setae at 1/10, 1/4, 1/2 and 7/10, with pair of antero- and posteroventral setae at 4/5, and with some short ventral setae; hind basitarsus slightly swollen ventrally in 2nd quarter, slightly excavated in 3rd quarter, with 2 strong ventral hooks just before middle, and group of elongate ventral setulae in last quarter. Length ratio of mid femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 95 : 126 : 28 : 32 : 21 : 15 : 10.
Wing. Greyish; ratio of cross-vein m-cu to apical part of CuA1, 23 : 32; lower calypter yellow with brown rim and fan of pale setae; halter yellow.

Abdomen. Ventrum yellow; 1st, 4th and 5th terga dark brown dorsally; 2nd and 3rd terga mostly yellow, narrowly brown along sutures; abdomen with black vestiture; 1st tergum with white hairs laterally; 5th segment ventrally expanded to form hood for hypopygium; hypopygium dark brown with brown cerci.

Female. Unknown.

Length (mm): body 3.5, antenna 1.1, wing 3.5/1.2, hypopygium 0.4.

Distribution. Madagascar.

Etymology. The subspecies is named for the long antennal stylus (Lat. longus; Gr. stylos, “with long stylus”).

Diagnosis. The new subspecies is closely related to nominotypical subspecies (pseudospicatus phenotype), differing in many fine characters of the habitus (see description). S. pallipes pallipes has antennal postpedicel being 3-3.5 times longer than high, with stylus usually shorter than postpedicel; acrostichals being anteriorly uniseriate, becoming biseriate posteriad; scutellum having at most 2 pairs of microscopic marginal hairs in addition to major setae; and hind basitarsus bearing hooks strictly at 1/4.

9. Syntormon papei papei Grichanov, spec. nov.
(Fig. 2)

Holotype. ?, Uganda: Kigezi dist., XI.1934, B.M. E.Afr. Exp., B.M. 1935-203 / Mt. Sabinio, 8000 ft., F.W. Edwards [NHML].

Paratype. 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., Lac Kanyamenoni, vers Volc. Musule, 2300 m, 14.VIII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 531 [RINS].

Description. Male.
Head. Frons metallic blue-green; face densely white pollinose; palpi and proboscis brown; antenna black; pedicel medianly with long projection; postpedicel tapering, 1.5 times longer than high; stylus dorsoapical, simple, with short hairs; postoculars in single row, ventrally pale and dorsally black. Length ratio of scape to pedicel to postpedicel to stylus, 7 : 7 : 14 : 25.

Thorax. Weakly pollinose, mesonotum metallic green-blue, pleura mostly yellow; setae black; 6 dorsocentrals; acrostichals absent; 2 strong scutellars, 2 lateral and 4 median microscopic marginal hairs.

Legs including coxae mostly yellow; distal segments of tarsi brown; fore coxa with short pale anterior hairs and some strong black apical setae. Fore femur with posteroventral row of short hairs in distal half; fore tibia with ventral row of hairs along entire length, as long as diameter of tibia; fore tarsus simple, with hairs not longer than diameter of tarsomeres. Length ratio of fore femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 48 : 50 : 23 : 17 : 15 : 10 : 8. Mid femur with strong subapical anterior and posterior setae, and with irregular ventral row of fine setae in basal 1/4, slightly longer than diameter of femur; mid tibia with strong anterodorsal setae at 1/5, 1/2 and apically, and with posterodorsal seta at 1/4; mid tarsus simple. Length ratio of mid femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 60 : 73 : 31 : 16 : 15 : 9 : 7. Hind femur with strong anterior subapical seta, without posterior subapical seta, but with weaker subapical anteroventral and posteroventral setae; hind tibia with dorsal setae at 1/2, 2/3 and subapically, and with some short ventral setae; hind tarsus unmodified. Length ratio of hind femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 72 : 86 : 18 : 22 : 14 : 8 : 7.
Wing. Brownish; ratio of cross-vein m-cu to apical part of CuA1, 15 : 23; lower calypter yellow with fan of brown setae; halter yellow.

Abdomen. Mostly brown, broadly yellow ventrally and laterally, and with black vestiture; 5th segment ventrally expanded to form hood for hypopygium; hypopygium dark brown with brown cerci.

Female. Unknown.

Length (mm): body 2.3, antenna 0.7, wing 2.9, hypopygium 0.3.

Distribution. Uganda, Congo (Kinshasa).

Etymology. The species is named for the Swedish dipterist, Dr. Thomas Pape.

Diagnosis. The new species is closely related to S. dorsalis, differing in leg setation and hind basitarsus being simple.

10. Syntormon papei madagascarensis Grichanov, subspec. nov.

Holotype. ? [in alcohol], Madagascar: Tamatave Province, Ambatondrazaka, 22.IV.1992, A. Pauly coll. [RINS].

Diagnosis. Male. S. papei madagascarensis is almost identical to nominotypical subspecies in any respect including morphology of hypopygium except for distinctly thicker inner seta on ventral lobe of surstylus. Postpedicel broken. Fore femur and tibia with ordinary very short ventral hairs. Length ratio of fore femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 40 : 40 : 20 : 10 : 8 : 6 : 5. Hind tibia with anterodorsal setae at 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4, with dorsal setae at 1/3, 2/3 and subapically, and with 1 ventral seta at middle. Length ratio of mid femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to third), 60 : 73 : 16 : 15 : 12.
Ratio of cross-vein m-cu to apical part of CuA1, 11 : 22.

Female. Unknown.

Length (mm): body 2.5, wing 2.3/0.7, hypopygium 0.3.

Distribution. Madagascar.

Etymology. The subspecies is named for the island of origin.

11. Syntormon parvus Vanschuytbroeck

Type material examined. ?, Congo belge […] G.F. de Witte: 604 / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon parvus n.sp.. [RMCA]; ?, Congo belge […] G.F. de Witte: 604 / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon kivuensis n.sp. [RMCA]; 1?(?), Congo belge: Ruanda, Kundhuru ya Tsuve (Col. Gahinga-Sabinyo), 2000 m (Bambous), 15.IX.1934, G.F. de Witte: 601 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon parvus n.sp. [RINS]; 2??, Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 3.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 469 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon kivuensis n.sp. [RINS].

Diagnosis. Coxae and femora yellow. Fore tibia simple, without dorsal seta, with one posteroventral and one posterior rows of elongate cilia, as long as diameter of tibia. Fore femur with anteroventral hairs, half as long as diameter of femur, with several posteroventral subapical cilia in apical 1/3, as long as diameter of femur. Hind femur with elongate ventral cilia in basal 1/3 and several subapical posteroventral cilia. Fore tarsus without long setae dorsally. Fore basitarsus enlarged, with small subapical ventral protuberance forming anterior convexity; hind tarsus simple. Mesonotum metallic green. Pleura yellow; 6 dorsocentral setae, no acrostichals.

Remark. Twelve more paratypes labelled as S. parvus and S. kivuensis are deposited in the collection of RINS. They belong to different species: Sympycnus munroi Curran (2??), Rhaphium pectiniger (2??, 3??), indeterminable species of the genera Syntormon, Sympycnus and Saccopheronta.

Distribution. Congo (Kinshasa); Rwanda (!).

12. Syntormon straeleni Vanschuytbroeck

Type material examined. ?, Congo belge: Kivu, Sake (Lac Kivu), 1460 m, 19/22.II.1934, G.F. de Witte: 253 / Type [red label] / P. Vanshuytbroeck det., 1949, Syntormon straeleni n.sp. [RMCA]; 1?, Rutshuru, 26.XII.1934, G.F. de Witte, Parc Nat. Albert, 140 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanshuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon straeleni n.sp. [RINS].

Material examined. 7??, Uganda: Ruwenzori Range, XII.1934-I.1935, B.M. E.Afr. Exp., B.M. 1935-203 / Kilembe, 4500 ft., F.W. Edwards [NHML]; 1?, Ethiopia, Kefa, Jimma, 30 km S River, 2200m, 11.II.2000, A Freidberg & I. Yarom [TAU]; 1?, Ethiopia, Gamo Gofa, Chencha, 40 km NW Arba Minch, 2800m, 6.II.2000, I. Yarom & A. Freidberg [TAU].

Diagnosis. Postpedicel 2-2.5 times longer than high; stylus as long as or shorter than postpedicel. Mid tibia without ventral seta; hind femur black in apical 1/4; hind tibia gradually darkened from yellow at extreme base to black in apical 1/3, swollen in distal half, with fine ventral cilia 3 times longer than diameter of tibia. Abdomen entirely dark, sometimes venter yellowish at base. Body length, 2.4-3.2 mm.

Remark. Paratypes from Rwanda (RINS, 21?? examined) belong to S. opimus. So, the species should be excluded from the fauna of the country.

Distribution. Congo (Kinshasa); Uganda (!), Ethiopia (!).

13. Syntormon tamatave Grichanov, spec. nov.
(Fig. 3)

Holotype. ? [in alcohol], Madagascar: Tamatave Province, Morarano-Chrome, 1-15.VIII.1991, A. Pauly, For?t, 25 km W [RINS].

Description. Male.
Head. Frons metallic blue-violet; face with black ground colour; palpi and proboscis yellow brown; antennal scape and pedicel brown; pedicel medianly with long projection, as long as scape; postpedicel broken; postoculars in single row, ventrally pale and dorsally black, and with some setae near cervix.

Thorax. Mostly dark brown, mesonotum with metallic green-bronze reflections, metaepimeres yellow; setae black; 6 dorsocentrals; 7-8 acrostichals short, uniseriate; median scutellars strong, laterals as weak side hairs, and with pair of fine pale hairs medianly along scutellar margin.

Legs. Coxae mostly yellow; mid coxa with narrow brown stripe on outer side; fore coxa with short pale anterior hairs and some strong black apical setae; trochanters, femora and tibiae yellow; 3 basal segments of fore tarsus yellowish, 4-5th brownish; hind basitarsus dirty yellow, 2nd-3rd segments brown. Fore femur with some short ventral hairs at base, and with subapical posteroventral seta; fore tibia with 2 strong dorsal setae at 2/5 and at apex, 1 posterior apical seta, and with short but distinct anterodorsal setal serration along distal half; fore basitarsus slightly swollen ventrally at apex, with 2 ventral rows of short strong setulae in distal half, not longer than diameter of tarsomere; 1st-2nd segments of the same tarsus with 2 dorsal rows of numerous strong erect setae, 3-4 times longer than diameter of tarsomeres; 3rd segment with dorsal row of shorter setae decreasing in length distally. Length ratio of fore femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 55 : 52 : 20 : 19 : 13 : 5 : 5. Mid femur with strong subapical anterior and posterior, and with 2 black ventral setae at 1/4, nearly 2 times longer than diameter of femur; mid tibia with strong anterodorsal setae at 1/5, 1/3, 3/4 and apically, and with posterodorsal seta at 1/4; mid tarsus broken. Length ratio of mid femur to tibia, 72 : 81. Hind femur with strong anterior subapical seta, without posterior subapical seta, but with weaker subapical anteroventral and posteroventral setae; hind tibia with anterodorsal setae at 1/5, 2/5 and 3/4, and with posterodorsal setae at 1/6, 1/4, 1/2, 3/5 and subapically, with some shorter dorsal setae, and with some short ventral setae; 1st-3rd segments of hind tarsus unmodified. Length ratio of mid femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to third), 81 : 105 : 22 : 23 : 17.
Wing. Brownish; ratio of cross-vein m-cu to apical part of CuA1, 20 : 25; lower calypter yellow with fan of black setae; halter yellow.

Abdomen. Mostly yellow, narrowly brown along sutures, and with black vestiture; 5th segment ventrally expanded to form hood for hypopygium; hypopygium dark brown with yellow cerci.

Female. Unknown.

Length (mm): body 2.9, wing 2.8, hypopygium 0.5.

Distribution. Madagascar.

Etymology. The species is named for the country (province) of origin.

Diagnosis. The new species is closely related to S. singularis group of Australian species with elongate postpedicel, unmodified male hind tarsus and male mid femur often having modified ventral setae (Bickel, 1999). S. tamatave differs from the Australian, as well as from all Afrotropical species of the genus in having very long dorsal setae on fore tarsus and 2 long ventral setae on mid femur.

14. Syntormon wittei Vanschuytbroeck

Type material examined. ?, Congo belge: P.N.A., Lac Magera, 2000 m, 6.III.1934, G.F. de Witte: 276 / Coll. Mus. Congo (ex coll. IPCNB) / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det. 1949, Syntormon ? wittei n.sp. [RMCA]; 2??, Congo belge: P.N.A. Kitondo (pres Gandjo), 2000 m, 7 au 23.I.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1033 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1949, Syntormon ? wittei n.sp.; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A. Kanyabayongo (Kabasha), 1760 m, 6.XII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 871 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1949, Syntormon ? wittei n.sp.

Material examined. 1?, 1?, Congo belge, Ruanda, Ruhengeri (riv. Penge), 1800-1825m, 4 et 5.X.1934, G.F. de Witte: 675 [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., Nyarusambo (Kikere), 2226m, 28-29.VI.1934, G.F. de Witte: 453 [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: Kivu, Tshengelero (pr?s Munagano), 1750m, 17.VIII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 537 [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., Kanyabayongo (Kabasha), 1760 m, 6.XII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 671 [RINS].

Diagnosis. Antenna black; postpedicel twice longer than high. Stylus longer than postpedicel. Mesonotum dark; pleura, coxae, femora ant tibia yellow; abdomen laterally and ventrally yellow. Fore tibia without dorsal setae; fore tarsus simple; hind tibia darkened at apex, simple, with 2 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 ventral setae. Hind basitarsus black, as long as next segment, with row of 6 thick erect ventral spines of glued setae in basal half, otherwise simple.

Remark. 55 more paratypes labelled as S. wittei are deposited in the collection of RINS. They belong to different species: Syntormon dorsalis (7??), Sympycnus munroi Curran (2??, 27??), Rhaphium pectiniger (2??, 1?,), indeterminable females of the genus Syntormon.

Distribution. Congo (Kinshasa); Rwanda (!).

Key to Afrotropical species of Syntormon Loew (males)

1. Hind tarsus simple ………. 2

- 1st or 2nd segments of hind tarsus modified ………. 5

2. Scutellum with 3-5 pairs of short but strong marginal setae in addition to major setae ………. S. longipes

- Scutellum with 2 or more pairs of short fine marginal hairs in addition to major setae ………. 3

3. 1st and 2nd segments of fore tarsus with 2 dorsal rows of long and strong erect setae; mid femur with 2 long ventral setae at base ………. S. tamatave

- Fore tarsus without long setae dorsally ………. 4

4. Fore basitarsus enlarged, with small subapical ventral protuberance forming anterior convexity; hind basitarsus with white subapical ring ………. S. parvus

- Fore basitarsus enlarged at apex, projecting ventrally, equal in length to 2nd-5th tarsomeres combined; mid femur with 3-4 ventral setae at base ………. S. peregrinus

- Fore basitarsus simple; next segments evenly decreasing in length ………. 4a

4a. Fore femur with posteroventral row of short hairs in distal half; fore tibia with ventral row of hairs along entire length, as long as diameter of tibia; hind tibia with 3 dorsal setae and with some short ventral setae ………. S. papei papei

- Fore femur and tibia with ordinary very short ventral hairs; hind tibia with 3 anterodorsal, 3 dorsal setae and with 1 ventral seta at middle ………. S. papei madagascarensis

5. 2nd segment of hind tarsi very short, with small process; hind basitarsus simple ………. S. flexibilis

- Hind basitarsus with remarkable setae, hooks or processes ………. 6

6. Hind basitarsus with only two bare ventral hooks, without long setae or process; mid femur without strong ventral setae ………. 6a

- Hind basitarsus with either long remarkable setae or process bearing short setae ………. 7

6a. Postpedicel 3-3.5 times longer than high, nearly 2 times longer than stylus ………. S. pallipes pallipes

- Postpedicel 2 times longer than high, 2/3 length of stylus ………. S. pallipes longistylus

7. Hind tibia in apical 1/2 or 1/3 strongly thickened, with very long ventral setae; hind basitarsus with ventral process in middle bearing several short remarkable setae ………. 8

- Hind tibia simple, without long ventral setae ………. 9

8. Mid tibia with 1 ventral seta behind middle; hind tibia with stiff ventral cilia 2 times longer than diameter of tibia; postpedicel 2.5-3 times longer than high ………. S. opimus

- Mid tibia without ventral seta; hind tibia with fine ventral cilia 3 times longer than diameter of tibia; postpedicel 2-2.5 times longer than high ………. S. straeleni

9. Hind basitarsus 1/3 to 1/2 length of 2nd segment, densely ciliated ventrally, with short lateral process at apex ………. S. dorsalis

- Hind basitarsus at most slightly shorter than 2nd segment ………. 10

10. Hind basitarsus with row of several erect spines of glued setae, otherwise simple ………. S. wittei

- Hind basitarsus with basoventral tubercle bearing bunch of modified setae ………. S. fuscipes

New combinations and new synonyms

1. Chrysotus palmatus (Vanschuytbroeck), comb. nov.

= Syntormon palmatus Vanschuytbroeck, 1952c:41.

Type material examined. ?, holotype, Congo belge: P.N.U., Mukana (1810 m), 15-19.I.1948, Miss. G.F. de Witte, 1248a / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., Syntormon palmatus n.sp. [RMCA].

Remark. The species belongs to a group of Chrysotus species having antennal stylus inserted in apical incision of postpedicel; 2nd-4th segments of fore tarsus broad, moniliform; mid and hind tarsi simple, with shortened 2nd-5th segments.

Distribution. Congo (Kinshasa).

2. Rhaphium pectiniger (Parent), comb. nov.

= Sympycnus pectiniger Parent, 1938:408.
= Xiphandrium rweruensis Vanschuytbroeck, 1951:108, syn. nov.
= Syntormon spiculus Vanschuytbroeck, 1952c:41, syn. nov.
= Rhaphium vanschuytbroecki Negrobov, Grichanov & Bakary, 1982:190, syn. nov.
= Xiphandrium sexsetosum Vanschuytbroeck, 1951:110 (part of paratypes).
= Syntormon kivuensis Vanschuytbroeck, 1951:107 (part of paratypes).
= Syntormon ruandanus Vanschuytbroeck, 1951:105 (part of paratypes).
= Syntormon wittei Vanschuytbroeck, 1951:102 (part of paratypes).

Type material examined. ?, Kenya, Elgon Saw mill, Mt. Elgon, Vers Est (Camp III), 2470 m / Mus. Paris, Miss. de l’Omo, C. Arambourg, P.-A. Chappuis & R. Jeannel, 1932-33 / December / Type [red label] / Sympycnus pectiniger n.sp., Type, O. Parent [NHMP]; ?, Holotypus [red label] / Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc. Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 26 au 27.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 501 / Coll. Mus. Congo (ex coll. IPNCB) / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1950, Xiphandrium rweruensis n.sp. [RMCA]; 2??, 1?, same labels [RMCA]; ?, holotype, Congo belge: P.N.U., Lusinga, 7.IV.1947, Miss. G.F. de Witte, 180a / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., Syntormon spiculus n.sp. [RMCA]; ?, Congo Belge: P.N.A., 25-29.VIII.1952, P. Vanschuytbroeck & L. Kekenbosch, 840-43 / Massif Ruwenzori, Kalonge, 2480 m (étage bambous), riv. Nyamwamba-Ihongero / Holotypus, Rhaphium vanschuytbroecki Negrobov, Grichanov & Bakary [red label] [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc. Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 26 au 27.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 502 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium rweruensis n.sp. [RMCA]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc. Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 26 au 27.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 501 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RMCA]; 11??, 10??, same labels [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A.: Mt. Sesero, pres Bitashimva (Bambous), 2000, 1-2.VIII.1934; G.F. de Witte: 505 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.U., Lusinga (1760 m), 3.VII.1947, Mis. G.F. de Witte: 544a / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 195?, Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RMCA]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.U., Mabwe (Lac Upemba) (585 m), 1-12.VIII.1947, Mis. G.F. de Witte: 650a / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1952, Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RMCA]; 1?, Congo belge: Ruanda, Kundhuru ya Tsuve (Col. Gahinga-Sabinyo) 2600 m (Bambous), 15.IX.1934, G.F. de Witte: 601 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RINS]; 2??, Congo belge: Kashva (entre Ngesho-Bishakeshaki) 2000 m, 7-23.I.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1010, 1011 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RINS]; 1?, 1?, Bishoke: 2800-3300 m, 13-14.II.1935, G.F. de Witte: Parc Nat. Albert, 1128-1129 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., Kitondo (pres Gadjo), 2600 m, 2000 m, 7/23.I.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1025 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: Ruanda, Kundhuru ya Tsuve, Rutabagwe 2600 m, 13-14.IX.1934, G.F. de Witte: 595 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RINS]; 8??, 2??, Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 3.VII.1934 [26 au 27.VII.1934], G.F. de Witte: 501, 502, 469 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium rweruensis n.sp. [RINS]; 2??, 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru, G.F. de Witte: 501 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1949, Syntormon ? wittei n.sp. [RINS]; 2??, Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 26 au 27.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 601 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon ruandana n.sp. [RINS]; 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., Lac Kanyamenoni, vers Volc Musule, 2300 m, 14.VIII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 531 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon ruandana n.sp. [RINS]; 2??, 3??,Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 3.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 469 / Paratype [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Syntormon kivuensis n.sp. [RINS].

Additional material. 3??, 1?, Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Rweru (Volc. Mikeno), 2400 m (Bambous), 26 au 27.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte: 502 / P. Vanschuytbroeck det., 1951, Xiphandrium anale Becker [RMCA]; 3??, 3??. Congo belge: P.N.A. vers Rweru (Volc. Mikeno), 2400 m., Bambous), 26 au 27.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte, 501 [RINS]; 5 ??. Congo belge: P.N.A. Mt.Sesero. pres Bitashimva (Bambous), 2000 m., 1 au 2.VIII.1934, 26 au, 27.VII.1934, G.F. de Witte, 505 [RINS]; 2 ??. Congo belge: P.N.A. Kitondo (pres Gandjo), 2000 m., 7 au 23.1.1935, G.F. de Witte, 1018, 1034 [RINS]; 1 ?. Congo belge: P.N.A. Kashwa (entre Ngesho-Bishaki-shaki), 200 m., 7 au 23.1.1935, de Witte, 1009 [RINS]; 1?, Uganda: S.W., Ichuya Forest, Kanaba Gap, 2500 m, 28.XII.1995, I. Yarom & A. Freidberg [TAU].

Diagnosis. Rh. pectiniger is placed in the group of species with a row of 5-10 anterodorsal bristles on fore tibiae and three pairs of strong dorsocentral bristles, and can be distinguished from other species by long ventral hairs on fore tibiae, simple male cerci, two lobes and two bundles of long bristles in apical half of surstylus.

Remark. One more male paratype of Xiphandrium rweruensis belongs to Sympycnus munroi Curran, and one female paratype belongs to an indeterminable species of Sympycnus.

Distribution. Congo (Kinshasa); Uganda, Kenya.

3. Rhaphium sexsetosum (Vanschuytbroeck)

= Xiphandrium sexsetosum Vanschuytbroeck, 1951:110.
= Rhaphium grootaerti Negrobov, Grichanov & Bakary, 1982:192, syn. nov.

Type material examined. ?, Holotypus [red label] / Congo belge: P.N.A., vers Mt. Kamatembe, vers 2300 m 7/23.I.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1054 / Coll. Mus. Congo (ex coll. IPNCB) / Type [red label] / Xiphandrium sexsetosum n.sp. [RMCA]; ?, Congo Belge: P.N.A., 7-15.X.1952, P. Vanschuytbroeck & L. Kekenbosch, 840-43 / Massif Ruwenzori, Kyandolire, 1700 m, Camp de Gardes / Holotypus, Rhaphium grootaerti Negrobov, Grichanov & Bakary [red label] [RINS].

Additional material. 1?, Coll. Mus. Congo, Urundi: Bururi, X.1948, F. François [RMCA]; 2??, Urundi: Bururi, alt. 1950 ? 2050 m, V.1948, 19.XII.1949, F. François [RINS]; 1?, 1?. Congo belge: P.N.A. vers. Mt. Kamatembe, 2300 m. 7 au 23.I.1935, G.F. de Witte, 1055 [RINS]; 1?, Uganda, S.W. Ichuya Forest, Canaba Gap, 2500 m, 28.XII.1995, I. Yarom & A. Freidberg [TAU].

Diagnosis. Rh. sexsetosum can be easily separated from other species having a row of 5-10 anterodorsal bristles on fore tibia and three pairs of strong dorsocentral bristles by bifurcated cercus. Surstylus has three distal lobes of various shape.

Remark. Rhaphium pectiniger, Sympycnus munroi Curran (23?, 46??), species of the genera Sympycnus (1?), Saccopheronta (1?, 1?) and Syntormon (13??) were also found among paratypes of Xiphandrium sexsetosum deposited in RINS.

Distribution. Congo (Kinshasa); Uganda, Burundi (!).

Acknowledgements

I express sincere gratitude to Dr. Patrick Grootaert and Dr. Marc De Meyer (Brussels), Dr. Roy Danielsson (Lund), Dr. Herman De Jong (Amsterdam), Dr. Amnon Freidberg (Tel Aviv), Dr. Rudolf Meier (Copenhagen), Dr. Laszlo Papp (Budapest), Dr. Brian Pitkin (London), Dr. Pekka Vilkamaa (Helsinki), and Dr. Lo?s Matile for their kindness in furnishing an opportunity to study the collections of the Natural History Museum in London, the Royal Institute for Natural Sciences (Brussels), the Royal Museum for Central Africa (Tervuren, Belgium), the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest), the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, the Museum of Natural History in Paris, the Zoological Museum in Lund University (Sweden), the Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University (Israel), the Zoological Museum in Amsterdam and the Zoological Museum in Helsinki.

References

Bickel, D.J. 1999. Australian Sympycninae II: Syntormon Loew and Nothorhaphium gen. nov., with a treatment of the Western Pacific fauna, and notes on the subfamily Rhaphiinae and Dactylonotus Parent (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 13: 179-206.

Dyte, C.E. & Smith, K.G.V. 1980. Family Dolichopodidae. In R.W. Crosskey (ed.). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London: 443-463.

Grichanov, I.Ya. 1995. The Afrotropical species of the genus Rhaphium Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Int. J. Dipter. Res., 6(1): 19-31.

Meuffels, H.J.G. & Grootaert, P. 1999. New names in the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera). Bull. Inst. roy. Sci. natur. Belg. Entomol., 69: 289-292.

Negrobov, O.P., Grichanov, I.Ya. & Bakari, K. 1982. New species of the genus Rhaphium (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) from Zaire. Entomol. obozrenie, 61(1): 190-194. (in Russian). [Engl. transl.: Entomol. Rev., 1982, 61(1): 184-188].

Negrobov, O.P., Zhilina L.A. 1986. A new species of the genus Syntormon (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Mongolia. Vestnik Zoologii, 1: 80-81. (in Russian).

Pârvu, C. 1989. New contribution to the knowledge of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of Romania (VI) with the description of two new species: Syntormon silvianus n. sp. and Asyndetus negrobovi n. sp. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 30: 57-65.

Stuckenberg, B.R. 1999. Antennal evolution in the Brachycera (Diptera), with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum. Studia dipterologica, 6(1): 33-48.

Vaillant, F. 1983. Sur les Insectes Dipt?res Dolichopodidae de la sous-famille des Rhaphiinae. Comptes rendus du 108?me Congrés National des Soci?tés Savantes, Fasc. II, Paris C.T.H.S.:269-280.

Remarks under figures

Hypopygium, left lateral view.

1. Syntormon fuscipes (von Roser)
2. Syntormon papei Grichanov, spec. nov.
3. Syntormon tamatave Grichanov, spec. nov.